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… some event dependent on a response. If, as a result, the response becomes more likely thereafter, then the event is said to be a reinforcer and the outcome defines positive reinforcement. Missing from this tale is the fact that much of the … without talking about how the reinforcement is scheduled is a little like talking about using an expensive fountain pen without considering the ink required to make it work, or talking about plowing a field with a tractor without … some event dependent on a response. If, as a result, the response becomes more likely thereafter, then the event is said to be a reinforcer and the outcome defines positive reinforcement. Missing from this tale is the fact that much of the …
… We should address and even reject the bad behavior of the child, but this does not mean rejecting the child herself. Failures to make this rather elementary distinction between a person and their actions is the source of much misery, … We should address and even reject the bad behavior of the child, but this does not mean rejecting the child herself. Failures to make this rather elementary distinction between a person and their actions is the source of much misery, …
… xi). Vyse takes serious consideration of this complex and real apparent paradox. This book is filled with curious, entertaining, and interesting anecdotes and more rigorous scientific findings about superstition. This is a fascinating, … beneficial or detrimental. Throughout his book Vyse provides accounts about how people become superstitious and what maintains such behavior. This is a fantastic book that deepens our understanding of a very complex behavior. Whether you consider …
… Stuff” Myth The “Right Stuff” Myth BY Darnell Lattal Download PDF file Some 34 years ago, President Reagan fired 11,000 air traffic controllers who refused to break their strike and return to work. Almost 10 years later, Walter Schneider, … Ph.D., spoke about the large-scale termination to an audience in the U.S. Capitol Building. He revealed that the training program for replacing those vacancies incurred a 57 percent failure rate and that it was necessary to train 2.3 people to attain one acceptable controller. This added up—at the time—to …
… large fines. It would seem that the culprits have received their just rewards; however, a closer examination of the affair suggests something much larger and more insidious in our well-intended but uninformed legislative mandates. These … of Atlanta. Sadly, this is not an isolated incident of manipulating results—in this case, test scores—for personal gain. Similar scandals have occurred in 39 different states and Washington, D.C. However, the stakes and the punishment … who participated in some manner, three were sentenced to seven years in prison, two for two years, and two to jail for one year (these sentences were amended in various ways, including less time in jail). Others received lighter …
… planning: the compound comes first, out of which both compound and elemental skill learning are expected,” he explains. “The assumption is that if the task is sufficiently interesting, learners will employ a battery of skills to figure it … that wean them from teacher dependency and put them on the path to independent learning. At Morningside, students carry a daily report card, earning points for meeting specific, academic learning skills that the teacher specifies before each class … and mathematics. Of the more than 20,000 students who have attended the academy, median achievement test performance gains remain above two grade levels per year in reading, language arts, and math. Some students attend year-round, focusing …
… his car as close to the fast-food restaurant as possible so he doesn’t have to walk so far. Another factor, it often is said, is age. We know that learning and performance generally declines with age on tests involving, for example, eye-hand … the best in others. Don’t think of limits—think about what you can do to arrange conditions for your charges’ continuing gains. Arrange conditions (environment and motivation) and see what behavior does. Be wary of assuming the asymptote is … his car as close to the fast-food restaurant as possible so he doesn’t have to walk so far. Another factor, it often is said, is age. We know that learning and performance generally declines with age on tests involving, for example, eye-hand …
… what she will do next. By the same token, religion involves people interacting about things that matter to them. What is said by religious leaders and what is written in sacred texts influences (determines?) what people will do next. It is hard … itself to other, longer standing world intellectual traditions, rather than isolating itself further and further from the mainstream. Surely there are things to be learned from world views that have influenced millions upon millions of people over … what she will do next. By the same token, religion involves people interacting about things that matter to them. What is said by religious leaders and what is written in sacred texts influences (determines?) what people will do next. It is hard …
… Get Outta My Head Have you ever had someone perceive you to be a certain way as if they know what you’re thinking? I just received an invitation to a webinar that teaches managers to read … it is manifested in their behavior in some way. Not only can you look foolish when you stereotype someone as being a certain way, but it can be detrimental. I can give you many stories where people have caused real damage to the person whose … everyone benefits, all without getting inside someone else’s head. … Have you ever had someone perceive you to be a certain way as if they know what you’re thinking? I just received an invitation to a webinar that teaches managers to read …
… how they make us feel is falling into the same trap as the likes of Noam Chomsky, that nemesis of B. F. Skinner who once said that reinforcers are "perfectly useless . . . in the discussion of real-life behavior, unless we can somehow … pleasurable? Well, simply because they are: I have learned through a long history of verbal reinforcement to describe certain things in certain ways. Trees are green (in the summer, at least) and the sky is blue. And positive reinforcers are pleasurable. Here’s …
… to reinforce successive approximations to it. Consider, for example a child who has a skill deficit in, say, making a certain sound. The shaper knows what the sound should sound like, and provides reinforcement for close and closer approximations … pupil. The teacher, in the absence of the pupil, first was taught to peck the plastic disk in its box and then pecking was maintained by occasionally (according to a variable-interval schedule for those familiar with reinforcement schedules). The …
… Queens Paideia School: Educational Excellence Let me introduce you to one school that we think has much of offer American education. Aubrey Daniels and I went to visit Dr. Francis Mechner’s kindergarten through 8th grade Paideia School in Queens Long Island City, NY last week. The word Paideia means “training of the physical and mental faculties to produce a broadly enlightened mature outlook harmoniously …
… do? What did they do? The old saying about when you are up to your neck in alligators, the last thing you think about is draining the swamp seems apropos here. No time for a thorough functional analysis. In this case, somebody needed to do something. What were the options? Seems like ignoring it would kill off the big two possibilities for its maintenance. One of those is escape from the situation (maybe, for example, she’d rather be eating ice cream or going to the … deceiving, but the photographic evidence suggests that things were being handled well. Well, as well as one can handle a flailing two-year-old at a White House reception. Business appears to be proceeding as normal as could expected under the …
… with the PICNIC Analysis ® made famous by Aubrey Daniels, these lessons may seem obvious. Positive Immediate and Certain ( PIC ) consequences control the likely occurrence of behavior in the near term more than do Negative Immediate and Certain consequences over time ( NICs ). Smoking cigarettes is said to be reinforced in the short term (a PIC ), but has more dire consequences in the long term ( NIC ) and exercise may …